Stage report

Diagnostic Footprint Agent

How would the clinical concepts appear in claims?

Verified from a retrieved source Inferred from several sources Original analytical construct Recent update General knowledge Not verified Source = where it came from
Stage 3 · Diagnostic Footprint Agent

Claims Code Universe: Diagnosis & Procedures

Core question: How would the clinical concepts appear in claims?
62 evidence items 6 distinct sources 23 supplementary web Tier 1Tier 3

Framework steps included

Step 4 (Diagnosis code universe (ICD-10-CM, ICD-9-CM, ICD-11)), Step 5 (Procedure, test and encounter codes: diagnostic evidence, non-drug treatment (surgery, radiation, transplant, CAR-T), drug administration, clinical-trial participation), Laboratory and molecular testing codes (LOINC, CPT), Disease-state coding conventions: suspected / rule-out, confirmed, active, remission, relapse, secondary or metastatic, personal history, Observability limitations

Execution: Diagnostic Footprint Agent → DiagnosticObservabilityCodebook. Gate: Code reconciliation gate — each code linked to subtype, stage, purpose, specificity, geography and effective date

What happens in this stage

This stage establishes the observable diagnosis, laboratory, and procedure-code universe for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in United States claims data through 2026-09-21 using the supplied evidence. The stage identifies ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM leukemia diagnosis concepts tied to active disease, remission, and relapse states; summarizes available HCPCS, CPT, and LOINC procedure and laboratory concepts associated with bone marrow evaluation, flow cytometry, and FISH testing; and documents where the evidence set does not provide ICD-11 extensions, clinical-trial indicators, or comprehensive treatment-administration coding.

Expected output

  • Three-system diagnosis code crosswalk (ICD-9-CM legacy | ICD-10-CM current | ICD-11 stem + extension | Description | Effective and retirement dates)
  • Disease-state code variants (suspected / rule-out, confirmed, active, remission, relapse, secondary or metastatic, personal history Z85)
  • ICD-11 extension codes for molecular subtypes, layered onto the disease stem
  • Diagnostic test, procedure and non-drug treatment code universe (Category | Example codes | Purpose)
  • Drug administration and clinical-trial participation codes (Code | Use | Note)
  • Monitoring signal table
  • Observability limitations

Synthesis

The supplied CMS ICD-10-CM release files identify the ALL diagnosis family "C910 — Acute lymphoblastic leukemia all" with remission-state subcodes including "C9100 — Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission," "C9101 — Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in remission," and "C9102 — Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse." The NLM Clinical Tables additionally define ICD-10-CM codes C91.00, C91.01, and C91.02 with the same remission-state terminology for active disease, remission, and relapse. Legacy ICD-9-CM leukemia concepts identified in the supplied evidence include 20400 "Acute lymphoid leukemia, without mention of having achieved remission," 20401 "Acute lymphoid leukemia, in remission," and 20402 "Acute lymphoid leukemia, in relapse." The evidence also includes ICD-9-CM code V1061 defined as "Personal history of lymphoid leukemia," while the supplied materials do not provide ICD-10-CM personal-history Z85 mappings, secondary malignancy codes, or suspected-versus-confirmed coding conventions. Procedure and laboratory observability in the supplied materials includes HCPCS G0364 for combined bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, HCPCS C1830 for a powered bone marrow biopsy needle, and multiple LOINC concepts related to flow cytometry, bone marrow pathology reports, and blast-cell assessment. Cytogenetic and genomic-testing evidence in the supplied documents includes FISH-associated CPT codes 88237, 88275, and 88271 and references genomic targets including "t(9;22) (BCR/ABL1), 11q23.3 (KMT2A, formerly MLL), t(12;21) (ETV6/RUNX1)," CRLF2, ABL1, ABL2, PDGFRB, PBX1;TCF3, and CDKN2A. The supplied documents do not provide ICD-11 stem or extension codes for molecular ALL subtypes, comprehensive non-drug treatment procedure coding, drug-administration procedure coding, or clinical-trial participation modifiers such as Q0 or Q1.

Questions and answers

Every question in this stage with the answer established from its sources. This is the record the synthesis and tables above are built from.

What ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes identify acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including status, remission, relapse, secondary neoplasm, and personal-history (e.g., Z85) variants?

The supplied documents identify ICD-10-CM codes for Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and remission/relapse states. The CMS ICD-10-CM release files list "C9100 — Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission," "C9101 — Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in remission," and "C9102 — Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse" under "C910 — Acute lymphoblastic leukemia all." The NLM Clinical Tables additionally define ICD-10-CM code C91.01 as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in remission" and ICD-10-CM code C91.02 as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse." The documents do not provide codes or conventions for refractory disease, secondary malignancy involvement, personal-history Z85 codes, or suspected versus confirmed diagnosis coding. The supplied documents identify ICD-9-CM acute lymphoid leukemia diagnosis codes for three disease-status categories: active disease without remission, remission, and relapse. Specifically, code 20400 is defined as "Acute lymphoid leukemia, without mention of having achieved remission," code 20401 as "Acute lymphoid leukemia, in remission," and code 20402 as "Acute lymphoid leukemia, in relapse." The documents do not provide ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, refractory disease codes, secondary malignancy involvement codes, personal-history Z85 codes, or coding conventions for suspected versus confirmed diagnoses. The supplied documents identify ICD-9-CM leukemia codes for subacute lymphoid leukemia with distinct disease-status modifiers relevant to claims classification. Specifically, code 20420 is defined as "Subacute lymphoid leukemia, without mention of having achieved remission," code 20421 as "Subacute lymphoid leukemia, in remission," and code 20422 as "Subacute lymphoid leukemia, in relapse." The documents do not provide ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, refractory disease codes, secondary malignancy involvement codes, personal-history Z85 codes, or coding conventions for suspected versus confirmed diagnoses. The supplied documents only identify ICD-9-CM lymphoid leukemia remission and relapse codes, not ICD-10-CM Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia coding through 2026-09-21. The documents include code 20481 for “Other lymphoid leukemia, in remission,” code 20482 for “Other lymphoid leukemia, in relapse,” and code 20492 for “Unspecified lymphoid leukemia, in relapse.” The documents do not provide ICD-10-CM active disease codes, remission variants for ALL, refractory disease coding, secondary malignancy involvement codes, personal-history Z85 codes, or suspected-versus-confirmed diagnosis coding conventions. The supplied documents identify one ICD-10-CM code for active Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and one historical leukemia code from ICD-9-CM. ICD-10-CM code C91.00 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission." The documents also include ICD-9-CM code V1061, defined as "Personal history of lymphoid leukemia." The documents do not provide ICD-10-CM remission variants beyond not having achieved remission, relapse or refractory codes, secondary malignancy codes, ICD-10-CM personal-history Z85 codes, or coding conventions for suspected versus confirmed diagnoses. The supplied documents do not provide United States ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, remission variants, relapse or refractory codes, secondary malignancy codes, personal-history Z85 codes, or suspected-versus-confirmed coding conventions for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The only coding information provided is an ICD-9-CM entry stating that code 20491 is defined as "Unspecified lymphoid leukemia, in remission." The supplied documents identify the primary ICD-10-CM Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) code family as C91.0 and provide specific 2026 billable diagnosis codes for active disease, remission, and relapse states: C91.00 "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission," C91.01 "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in remission," and C91.02 "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse." The documents also state that C91.00 is applicable to "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with failed remission" and "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia NOS," which addresses refractory/failed-remission disease terminology within claims coding. The supplied materials do not provide specific ICD-10-CM secondary malignancy involvement codes, personal-history Z85 codes, or coding conventions distinguishing suspected versus confirmed ALL diagnoses.

Partly answered CMS ICD-10-CM Release FilesU.S. National Library of MedicineOpen web includes web evidence 10 evidence · coverage 0.64

What CPT and HCPCS codes cover bone marrow biopsy, aspiration and flow cytometry in ALL?

The supplied documents identify one HCPCS code for a combined bone marrow aspiration and biopsy procedure, one HCPCS code for a powered bone marrow biopsy needle device, and one LOINC code for a flow cytometry study. Specifically, HCPCS code G0364 is defined as "Bone marrow aspiration performed with bone marrow biopsy through the same incision on the same date of service." HCPCS code C1830 is defined as "Powered bone marrow biopsy needle." The documents also include LOINC code 33719-6 for a "Flow cytometry study." The documents do not provide CPT codes, additional bone marrow biopsy or aspiration procedure codes, hematopathology service codes, or information specific to monitoring procedure use in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The supplied documents identify LOINC entries related to bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow aspiration, and flow cytometry review, but they do not provide CPT or HCPCS procedure codes. The documents include LOINC 33721-2 for a "Bone marrow Pathology biopsy report," LOINC 48807-2 for a "Bone marrow aspiration report," and LOINC 69052-9 for "Flow cytometry specialist review of results." No documents describe hematopathology CPT/HCPCS services or monitoring procedure-use coding for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia claims data. The supplied document does not provide CPT or HCPCS procedure codes for bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow aspiration, flow cytometry, hematopathology services, or monitoring procedures in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia claims data. It only identifies a LOINC entry related to bone marrow aspiration guidance: LOINC code 87008-9, defined as "Guidance for fluid aspiration of Bone marrow." The supplied document only identifies a LOINC laboratory concept related to flow cytometry and does not provide CPT or HCPCS procedure codes for bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow aspiration, hematopathology services, or monitoring procedures in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The document states that LOINC code 61126-9 is defined as "Blasts/cells in Specimen by Flow cytometry (FC)." The supplied documents do not provide CPT or HCPCS procedure codes for bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow aspiration, hematopathology services, or monitoring procedures in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The only procedure-related coding information provided is a LOINC entry for flow cytometry: LOINC code 107079-6, defined as "Blasts/Cells in Blood by Flow cytometry (FC)." It only identifies a flow cytometry-related laboratory concept: LOINC code 54226-6, defined as "Lymphoma panel - Specimen by Flow cytometry (FC)."

Partly answered U.S. National Library of Medicine includes web evidence 8 evidence · coverage 0.74

What CPT and LOINC codes cover cytogenetic and molecular testing relevant to ALL?

The supplied documents identify three LOINC laboratory codes relevant to flow cytometry testing that may be used in hematologic malignancy evaluation and monitoring. The documents provide LOINC code 61126-9 for "Blasts/cells in Specimen by Flow cytometry (FC)", LOINC code 69052-9 for "Flow cytometry specialist review of results", and LOINC code 54226-6 for "Lymphoma panel - Specimen by Flow cytometry (FC)". The documents do not provide CPT codes, cytogenetic testing codes, FISH assay codes, molecular pathology codes, genomic biomarker tests, or ALL-specific monitoring assay coding beyond these LOINC entries. The supplied documents identify several LOINC laboratory mappings relevant to hematologic evaluation and monitoring. LOINC code 61123-6 is defined as "Lymphocytes/Leukocytes in Specimen by Flow cytometry (FC)." Additional LOINC mappings include 33721-2 for a "Bone marrow Pathology biopsy report" and 48807-2 for a "Bone marrow aspiration report." The documents do not provide CPT codes, FISH assay codes, molecular pathology codes, genomic biomarker tests, or specific monitoring assay CPT mappings for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia classification or risk stratification. The supplied documents identify three LOINC laboratory codes relevant to flow cytometry and leukemia-related laboratory assessment. LOINC 30912-0 is defined as "DNA index in Specimen by Flow cytometry (FC)." LOINC 33719-6 is defined as "Flow cytometry study," and LOINC 107079-6 is defined as "Blasts/Cells in Blood by Flow cytometry (FC)." The documents do not provide CPT codes, cytogenetic testing codes, FISH assay codes, molecular pathology codes, genomic biomarker tests, or monitoring assay CPT mappings for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The supplied documents identify two LOINC laboratory codes potentially relevant to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia evaluation and monitoring. LOINC 66119-9 is defined as "Bone marrow Pathology biopsy report Narrative," and LOINC 30364-4 is defined as "Lymphocytes [#/volume] in Blood by Flow cytometry (FC)." The documents do not provide CPT codes, cytogenetic testing codes, FISH assay codes, molecular pathology codes, genomic biomarker tests, or specific monitoring assay code sets for ALL classification or risk stratification. The supplied documents only identify one LOINC laboratory mapping relevant to flow cytometry testing. LOINC code 101147-7 is defined as "Monocytes/Leukocytes in Blood by Flow cytometry (FC)." No CPT codes, cytogenetic testing codes, FISH assay codes, molecular pathology codes, genomic biomarker tests, or monitoring assay codes specific to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia classification, risk stratification, or monitoring are provided in the documents. The supplied documents only identify one LOINC laboratory code related to flow cytometry and do not provide CPT codes, cytogenetic testing codes, FISH assay codes, molecular pathology codes, genomic biomarker tests, or monitoring assay mappings for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The available document states that LOINC code 104548-3 corresponds to "Monocytes [#/volume] in Blood by Flow cytometry (FC)." The supplied documents do not provide CPT codes, cytogenetic testing codes, FISH assay codes, molecular pathology codes, genomic biomarker tests, or monitoring assay codes relevant to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The only laboratory mapping identified is the LOINC code 26028-1, defined as "HLA-B27 presence by Flow cytometry (FC)." The documents identify several CPT codes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing relevant to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): "CPT Code(s): 88237, 88275 (x per analyses), 88271 (x per probe)." The FISH panels include genomic targets used for ALL classification, prognostic assessment, and monitoring, including "t(9;22) (BCR/ABL1), 11q23.3 (KMT2A, formerly MLL), t(12;21) (ETV6/RUNX1)," as well as CRLF2, ABL1, ABL2, PDGFRB, PBX1;TCF3, and CDKN2A. The documents also state that "FISH is useful to identify chromosome abnormalities in patients with pediatric or adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for diagnostic and prognostic purposes as well as for follow-up to evaluate patient response to therapy" and that "Companion testing with chromosome analysis is recommended." No LOINC codes, specific cytogenetic chromosome analysis CPT codes beyond the listed FISH-related CPTs, or broader molecular pathology/genomic laboratory billing codes are provided in the supplied documents.

Partly answered U.S. National Library of MedicineOpen web includes web evidence 6 evidence · coverage 0.45

How are ICD-9-CM and ICD-11 leukemia codes crosswalked to ICD-10-CM, and what are each code's effective and retirement dates across annual code-set updates?

The supplied documents identify ICD-9-CM legacy Acute Lymphoid Leukemia diagnosis codes and one ICD-10-CM Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia concept. ICD-9-CM code 20401 is defined as "Acute lymphoid leukemia, in remission," and ICD-9-CM code 20402 is defined as "Acute lymphoid leukemia, in relapse." The CMS ICD-10-CM release file excerpt lists ICD-10-CM concept C910 "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia all" with subcode C9100 "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission." The documents do not provide ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM crosswalk mappings, ICD-11 stem or extension codes, linkage rules, or effective, revision, and retirement dates across annual coding updates. The supplied documents identify two ICD-10-CM concepts for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. ICD-10-CM code C91.01 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in remission," and ICD-10-CM code C91.02 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse." The documents do not provide ICD-9-CM legacy leukemia mappings, ICD-11 stem or extension code mappings, linkage information, or any effective, revision, or retirement dates across annual coding updates. The supplied documents identify ICD-10-CM concepts for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and provide some annual update and effective-date information, but they do not provide ICD-9-CM legacy leukemia code mappings, ICD-11 stem-code mappings, ICD-11 extension-code linkage, or retirement-date histories. The documents state that “The ICD-10 code for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is C91.0, with specific codes for remission status,” and list the ICD-10-CM remission-status concepts “C91.00,” “C91.01,” and “C91.02.” The 2026 ICD-10-CM update documentation states that “The 2026 edition of ICD-10-CM C91.00 became effective on October 1, 2025,” and displays annual code-set continuity for “20162017201820192020202120222023202420252026.” No supplied document contains ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM crosswalks, ICD-11 mappings, revision histories beyond the cited annual editions, or retirement dates.

Partly answered CMS ICD-10-CM Release FilesU.S. National Library of MedicineOpen web includes web evidence 10 evidence · coverage 0.79

Which ICD-11 extension codes express ALL molecular subtypes on the disease stem?

Not answered. evidence was retrieved but no source answered the question

Not found includes web evidence 6 evidence · coverage 0.48

What procedure codes identify non-drug anti-cancer treatments for ALL, such as radiation, stem cell transplant, and CAR-T?

The supplied documents identify Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia diagnosis coding, including ICD-10-CM code C91.0 and related remission-status codes C91.00, C91.01, and C91.02. The documents also mention that ALL treatment can include “radiation therapy” and “stem cell transplant,” but they do not provide CPT, HCPCS, ICD-10-PCS, leukapheresis, cellular collection, conditioning regimen, CAR-T administration, or specific procedure codes requested in the question.

Partly answered Open web includes web evidence 7 evidence · coverage 0.69

Which drug administration codes (e.g., the CPT 96413 chemotherapy administration series) provide treatment evidence in ALL when the drug code is missing or unspecified?

Not answered. evidence was retrieved but no source answered the question

Not found includes web evidence 8 evidence · coverage 0.47

Which codes identify clinical trial participation in ALL (e.g., Z00.6, Q0/Q1 modifiers)?

The supplied documents identify ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), including remission and relapse status codes. However, the documents do not provide any information on clinical trial diagnosis codes, HCPCS modifiers such as Q0 or Q1, investigational service indicators, routine clinical trial care billing indicators, or revenue code markers for claims-based line-of-therapy analyses. The supplied documents only identify one Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia diagnosis code: ICD-10-CM code C91.02, defined as “Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse.” The documents do not provide any information on clinical trial diagnosis codes, HCPCS modifiers Q0 or Q1, investigational service indicators, routine trial care billing markers, or revenue code indicators for claims-based line-of-therapy analyses. The supplied documents identify one Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia diagnosis code relevant to claims-based analyses: ICD-10-CM code C91.00, defined as “Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission.” The documents do not provide information on clinical trial diagnosis codes, HCPCS modifiers Q0 or Q1, investigational service indicators, routine trial care billing, or revenue code markers. The supplied documents do not provide the requested diagnosis codes, HCPCS modifiers such as Q0 and Q1, revenue codes, investigational service indicators, or routine clinical trial billing markers specific to claims-based line-of-therapy analyses in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia patients. The documents only establish that HCPCS includes categories related to “Administrative, Miscellaneous and Investigational” services and that CMS maintains annually updated CPT/HCPCS code lists through 2026. No document in the set identifies specific clinical trial participation diagnosis codes, Q0/Q1 modifier definitions, or revenue code indicators for investigational or routine trial-related care.

Partly answered CMS ICD-10-CM Release FilesU.S. National Library of MedicineOpen web includes web evidence 7 evidence · coverage 0.64

Three-system diagnosis code crosswalk (ICD-9-CM legacy | ICD-10-CM current | ICD-11 stem + extension | Description | Effective and retirement dates)

ICD-9-CM legacyICD-10-CM currentICD-11 stem + extensionDescriptionEffective and retirement dates
20400 C91.00 Not provided Acute lymphoid/leukoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission or without mention of remission U.S. National Library of Medicine "The 2026 edition of ICD-10-CM C91.00 became effective on October 1, 2025"; retirement dates not provided Open web
20401 C91.01 Not provided Acute lymphoid/leukoblastic leukemia, in remission U.S. National Library of Medicine Effective and retirement dates not provided U.S. National Library of Medicine
20402 C91.02 Not provided Acute lymphoid/leukoblastic leukemia, in relapse U.S. National Library of Medicine Effective and retirement dates not provided U.S. National Library of Medicine
V1061 Not provided Not provided Personal history of lymphoid leukemia U.S. National Library of Medicine Effective and retirement dates not provided U.S. National Library of Medicine

[VERIFIED] The supplied documents do not provide ICD-11 mappings, ICD-9-to-ICD-10 linkage rules, or retirement-date histories beyond the cited ICD-10-CM effective-date statement.

Disease-state code variants (suspected / rule-out, confirmed, active, remission, relapse, secondary or metastatic, personal history Z85)

Disease-state categoryCode systemCodeDescriptionClaims interpretation
Suspected / rule-out Not provided Not provided Not provided The supplied documents do not provide coding conventions distinguishing suspected versus confirmed ALL diagnoses CMS ICD-10-CM Release Files
Active disease ICD-10-CM C91.00 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission U.S. National Library of Medicine C91.00 is applicable to "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with failed remission" and "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia NOS" Open web
Remission ICD-10-CM C91.01 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in remission U.S. National Library of Medicine Remission-state ALL diagnosis concept CMS ICD-10-CM Release Files
Relapse ICD-10-CM C91.02 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse U.S. National Library of Medicine Relapse-state ALL diagnosis concept CMS ICD-10-CM Release Files
Secondary or metastatic involvement Not provided Not provided Not provided The supplied materials do not provide specific ICD-10-CM secondary malignancy involvement codes CMS ICD-10-CM Release Files
Personal history ICD-9-CM V1061 Personal history of lymphoid leukemia U.S. National Library of Medicine ICD-10-CM personal-history Z85 mappings were not provided U.S. National Library of Medicine

[VERIFIED] The evidence set identifies remission-state coding but does not provide refractory-specific ICD-10-CM codes beyond failed-remission terminology attached to C91.00.

ICD-11 extension codes for molecular subtypes, layered onto the disease stem

ICD-11 stem codeICD-11 extension codeSubtype representedEvidence status
Not provided Not provided Molecular, cytogenetic, immunophenotypic, or lineage-specific ALL subtype The supplied documents do not provide ICD-11 extension codes for ALL subtypes CMS ICD-10-CM Release Files

[VERIFIED] No ICD-11 stem or extension-code mappings were identified in the supplied evidence.

Diagnostic test, procedure and non-drug treatment code universe (Category | Example codes | Purpose)

CategoryExample codesPurpose
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy HCPCS G0364 "Bone marrow aspiration performed with bone marrow biopsy through the same incision on the same date of service" U.S. National Library of Medicine
Bone marrow biopsy device HCPCS C1830 "Powered bone marrow biopsy needle" U.S. National Library of Medicine
Bone marrow pathology reporting LOINC 33721-2; LOINC 66119-9; LOINC 48807-2 Bone marrow pathology biopsy report and bone marrow aspiration report concepts U.S. National Library of Medicine
Flow cytometry laboratory assessment LOINC 33719-6; 61126-9; 107079-6; 61123-6; 30364-4; 101147-7; 104548-3; 54226-6; 69052-9 Flow cytometry study, blast-cell assessment, lymphocyte/leukocyte quantification, lymphoma panel, and specialist review concepts U.S. National Library of Medicine
FISH cytogenetic testing CPT 88237; 88275; 88271 FISH testing used "for diagnostic and prognostic purposes as well as for follow-up to evaluate patient response to therapy" in pediatric or adult ALL Open web
Radiation therapy and stem cell transplant Specific procedure codes not provided ALL treatment may include "radiation therapy" and "stem cell transplant" Open web

[VERIFIED] The supplied evidence does not provide ICD-10-PCS, leukapheresis, cellular collection, conditioning regimen, CAR-T administration, or comprehensive hematopathology CPT coding.

Drug administration and clinical-trial participation codes (Code | Use | Note)

CodeUseNote
Q0 Investigational clinical service modifier The supplied documents do not provide Q0 modifier definitions or usage Open web
Q1 Routine clinical trial service modifier The supplied documents do not provide Q1 modifier definitions or usage Open web
Drug administration CPT/HCPCS codes Evidence of systemic anti-cancer treatment exposure The supplied documents do not provide CPT and HCPCS drug-administration procedure codes for ALL CMS ICD-10-CM Release Files

[VERIFIED] Evidence was not supplied for chemotherapy administration procedure coding, investigational billing indicators, or routine trial-care markers.

Monitoring signal table

Monitoring conceptPotential signalSupporting code(s)Interpretive note
Active ALL disease Diagnosis claim C91.00 Active disease or failed-remission terminology associated with ALL U.S. National Library of Medicine
Remission monitoring Diagnosis status transition C91.01 Remission-state diagnosis coding identified in ICD-10-CM U.S. National Library of Medicine
Relapse monitoring Diagnosis status transition C91.02 Relapse-state diagnosis coding identified in ICD-10-CM U.S. National Library of Medicine
Bone marrow reassessment Procedure utilization G0364; C1830 Bone marrow aspiration/biopsy and biopsy-device coding may indicate diagnostic or monitoring encounters U.S. National Library of Medicine
Flow cytometry reassessment Laboratory observation LOINC 33719-6; 61126-9; 107079-6 Flow cytometry concepts include blasts/cells and blood assessment U.S. National Library of Medicine
Cytogenetic follow-up FISH testing utilization CPT 88237; 88275; 88271 FISH may be used for follow-up to evaluate patient response to therapy Open web

[INFERENCE] Monitoring interpretations are based on repeated appearance of diagnosis, procedure, and laboratory concepts over time in longitudinal claims or linked laboratory data.

Observability limitations

The supplied evidence does not provide ICD-11 stem or extension codes for molecular or lineage-specific ALL subtype representation. The supplied documents do not provide coding conventions for suspected-versus-confirmed diagnoses, secondary malignancy involvement, or ICD-10-CM personal-history Z85 mappings. Procedure-code coverage is incomplete because the evidence set does not include comprehensive CPT, HCPCS, or ICD-10-PCS coding for leukapheresis, stem-cell transplantation workflows, conditioning regimens, CAR-T administration, radiation delivery, or chemotherapy administration. Clinical-trial participation indicators, including HCPCS modifiers Q0 and Q1, investigational service indicators, and revenue-code markers, were not identified in the supplied materials. Many monitoring signals in ALL claims analytics may therefore require proxy inference from diagnosis-state transitions, laboratory utilization, or repeated bone marrow and flow-cytometry testing rather than direct treatment-intent coding.

Claims observability

Clinical concept Signal classification Basis Limitation
Active ALL disease DIRECT SIGNAL ICD-10-CM code C91.00 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission." The supplied documents do not provide suspected-versus-confirmed coding conventions.
ALL remission state DIRECT SIGNAL ICD-10-CM code C91.01 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in remission." Remission coding alone does not establish treatment exposure or minimal residual disease status.
ALL relapse state DIRECT SIGNAL ICD-10-CM code C91.02 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse." Refractory-specific diagnosis codes were not separately identified in the supplied materials.
Bone marrow reassessment PROXY SIGNAL HCPCS G0364 identifies combined bone marrow aspiration and biopsy procedures. Procedure occurrence does not independently distinguish diagnosis from surveillance or relapse evaluation.
Flow-cytometry monitoring PROXY SIGNAL Multiple LOINC entries describe flow cytometry studies, blast-cell measurements, and lymphoma panels. LOINC observability may depend on linked laboratory data availability rather than adjudicated medical claims alone.
Molecular subtype capture with ICD-11 extensions NOT OBSERVABLE The supplied evidence does not provide ICD-11 extension codes for ALL molecular or lineage-specific subtypes. No ICD-11 layering schema was identified in the supplied documents.
Clinical-trial participation NOT OBSERVABLE No Q0/Q1 modifiers, investigational indicators, or trial-related revenue codes were identified in the supplied evidence. Trial participation may be under-detected without external registry linkage or payer-specific indicators.

A proxy signal is observable in claims only through the listed surrogate; it is not a direct field.

Source disagreements identified in this stage

Topic Source A Source A says Source B Source B says Possible reason
what icd-10-cm diagnosis codes identify acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including status, remission, relapse, secondary neoplasm, and personal-history (e.g., z85) variants U.S. National Library of Medicine (tier 1) Tier 1 ICD-9-CM code 20401 is defined as "Acute lymphoid leukemia, in remission" in the NLM Clinical Tables (ICD-9-CM) ICD-9-CM table. Open web (tier 3) Tier 3 ## Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission One claim describes an in-remission leukemia code while the other describes not having achieved remission, which are incompatible disease-status definitions.
what icd-10-cm diagnosis codes identify acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including status, remission, relapse, secondary neoplasm, and personal-history (e.g., z85) variants U.S. National Library of Medicine (tier 1) Tier 1 ICD-9-CM code 20401 is defined as "Acute lymphoid leukemia, in remission" in the NLM Clinical Tables (ICD-9-CM) ICD-9-CM table. Open web (tier 3) Tier 3 | C91.00 | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission | Use for newly diagnosed or active ALL without remission. | - Bone marrow blasts ≥20% - Flow cytometry confirming B/T-cell lineage | One claim defines an in-remission code whereas the other defines a not-in-remission code, so they assert different remission statuses for the same disease category.
what icd-10-cm diagnosis codes identify acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including status, remission, relapse, secondary neoplasm, and personal-history (e.g., z85) variants U.S. National Library of Medicine (tier 1) Tier 1 ICD-9-CM code 20402 is defined as "Acute lymphoid leukemia, in relapse" in the NLM Clinical Tables (ICD-9-CM) ICD-9-CM table. Open web (tier 3) Tier 3 ## Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission One claim defines a relapse-state leukemia code while the other describes disease not having achieved remission, which are distinct and conflicting statuses.
what icd-10-cm diagnosis codes identify acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including status, remission, relapse, secondary neoplasm, and personal-history (e.g., z85) variants U.S. National Library of Medicine (tier 1) Tier 1 ICD-10-CM code C91.01 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in remission" in the NLM Clinical Tables (ICD-10-CM) ICD-10-CM table. Open web (tier 3) Tier 3 ## Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission One claim specifies acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission while the other specifies not having achieved remission, which are contradictory statuses.
what icd-10-cm diagnosis codes identify acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including status, remission, relapse, secondary neoplasm, and personal-history (e.g., z85) variants U.S. National Library of Medicine (tier 1) Tier 1 ICD-10-CM code C91.01 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in remission" in the NLM Clinical Tables (ICD-10-CM) ICD-10-CM table. Open web (tier 3) Tier 3 | C91.00 | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission | Use for newly diagnosed or active ALL without remission. | - Bone marrow blasts ≥20% - Flow cytometry confirming B/T-cell lineage | The first claim defines an in-remission code and the second defines a not-in-remission code, creating a direct status conflict.
what icd-10-cm diagnosis codes identify acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including status, remission, relapse, secondary neoplasm, and personal-history (e.g., z85) variants U.S. National Library of Medicine (tier 1) Tier 1 ICD-10-CM code C91.02 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse" in the NLM Clinical Tables (ICD-10-CM) ICD-10-CM table. Open web (tier 3) Tier 3 ## Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission One claim defines relapse disease status while the other defines not having achieved remission, which are different and incompatible statuses.
what icd-10-cm diagnosis codes identify acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including status, remission, relapse, secondary neoplasm, and personal-history (e.g., z85) variants U.S. National Library of Medicine (tier 1) Tier 1 ICD-10-CM code C91.02 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse" in the NLM Clinical Tables (ICD-10-CM) ICD-10-CM table. Open web (tier 3) Tier 3 | C91.00 | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission | Use for newly diagnosed or active ALL without remission. | - Bone marrow blasts ≥20% - Flow cytometry confirming B/T-cell lineage | The first claim identifies a relapse code whereas the second identifies a not-in-remission code, so they conflict on disease status.
how are icd-9-cm and icd-11 leukemia codes crosswalked to icd-10-cm, and what are each code's effective and retirement dates across annual code-set updates U.S. National Library of Medicine (tier 1) Tier 1 ICD-10-CM code C91.01 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in remission" in the NLM Clinical Tables (ICD-10-CM) ICD-10-CM table. Open web (tier 3) Tier 3 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission C91.00Billable The claims assign different remission statuses within ICD-10-CM acute lymphoblastic leukemia coding: C91.01 is in remission whereas C91.00 is not having achieved remission.
how are icd-9-cm and icd-11 leukemia codes crosswalked to icd-10-cm, and what are each code's effective and retirement dates across annual code-set updates U.S. National Library of Medicine (tier 1) Tier 1 ICD-9-CM code 20402 is defined as "Acute lymphoid leukemia, in relapse" in the NLM Clinical Tables (ICD-9-CM) ICD-9-CM table. Open web (tier 3) Tier 3 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission C91.00Billable The claims describe different disease-status concepts for acute lymphoblastic/lymphoid leukemia: relapse versus not having achieved remission.
how are icd-9-cm and icd-11 leukemia codes crosswalked to icd-10-cm, and what are each code's effective and retirement dates across annual code-set updates U.S. National Library of Medicine (tier 1) Tier 1 ICD-10-CM code C91.02 is defined as "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in relapse" in the NLM Clinical Tables (ICD-10-CM) ICD-10-CM table. Open web (tier 3) Tier 3 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia not having achieved remission C91.00Billable The claims refer to different ICD-10-CM remission-status concepts: C91.02 is in relapse whereas C91.00 is not having achieved remission.

Disagreements are surfaced, not resolved. SME adjudication required.

Key takeaways from this stage

  1. ICD-10-CM ALL diagnosis coding in the supplied evidence is centered on the C91.0 family with explicit active, remission, and relapse states (C91.00, C91.01, C91.02).
  2. Legacy ICD-9-CM leukemia status coding includes active disease, remission, relapse, and personal-history concepts such as V1061.
  3. HCPCS G0364 and C1830 plus multiple LOINC flow-cytometry and bone-marrow concepts provide observable diagnostic-workup signals in claims-linked datasets.
  4. FISH-associated CPT codes 88237, 88275, and 88271 were identified with ALL-relevant genomic targets including BCR/ABL1, KMT2A, and ETV6/RUNX1.
  5. The supplied evidence does not provide ICD-11 subtype extensions, comprehensive non-drug treatment procedure coding, or chemotherapy-administration coding.
  6. Longitudinal ALL line-of-therapy analytics may require combining diagnosis-state transitions with laboratory and procedure utilization because direct treatment-intent coding is incompletely represented in the evidence set.

Assumptions made in this stage

  • ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM concepts were aligned by identical remission-state wording when presented together in the supplied evidence.
  • LOINC laboratory concepts were included because the supplied questions explicitly requested claims-oriented coding references and monitoring signals.
  • Open-web references were retained only where directly cited in the established answers and not expanded beyond quoted content.
Evidence base for this stage: 62 item(s) from 6 source(s); 39 from approved sources, 23 supplementary web. Tiers represented: 1, 3.

Unanswered sub-questions

Question: In United States claims-oriented coding references through 2026-09-21, which ICD-11 extension codes can be layered onto Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia stem codes to represent molecular, cytogenetic, immunophenotypic, or lineage-specific ALL subtypes for all patients?
Reason: evidence was retrieved but no source answered the question
Sources Attempted: cms_gems, cms_hcpcs, cms_icd10, loinc, nlm_hcpcs, nlm_icd10cm, nlm_icd9cm, nlm_loinc
Question: In United States claims data through 2026-09-21, which CPT and HCPCS drug administration procedure codes provide evidence of systemic anti-cancer treatment exposure for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia among all patients when specific drug product codes are absent, nonspecific, or missing in claims?
Reason: evidence was retrieved but no source answered the question
Sources Attempted: cms_gems, cms_hcpcs, cms_icd10, loinc, nlm_hcpcs, nlm_icd10cm, nlm_icd9cm, nlm_loinc